Evolution Of Evolutionary Change Applications - 1802 Words

Evolutionary Change Applications It has been determined that using an evolutionary approach to change within this organization could be the most appropriate choice due to the use of new technology. By using an incremental approach to developing and implementing features of the organization’s new sales technology and engaging employees in training and development, it is feasible to automate the tracking of the department’s sales and minimize additional work for both sales associates and sales management. By taking a gradual approach, the evolutionary process will help the sales team easily adopt the new processes and allow the management team to cultivate knowledge, identify major issues and improve the planning experience (1997). It is argued that managers who use this method of change recognize that sustaining organizational change is most often evolutionary instead of revolutionary, and it is believed that using evolutionary change as a process for major changes withi n an organization will lead to more long-term success (1997). Using these principles, this change will occur gradually in three stages following some of Kotter’s model over 6 to 12 months. Preparing for Changes within an Organization In the first stage, implementing this plan with a defined strategy is necessary to confirm that changes to the sales tracking process are well received and resistance from employees is mitigated. In order for upcoming changes in the sales tracking technology to be successful, itShow MoreRelatedEssay on Practical Applications of Evolutionary Biology1484 Words   |  6 Pagestheory of evolution which holds as much weight as the theory of relativity per se. Evolutionary biology is the science devoted to understanding how populations change through time in response to modifications of their environment and how new species come into being by studying adaptation and diversity (Freeman and Herron 2004). Evolutionary biology has proved that all organisms have evolved from a common ancestor over the last 3.5 billion years. There is a common misconception that evolution is onlyRead MoreDifferential Evolution Of Human Science And Innovation1340 Words   |  6 PagesDifferential Evolution ( DE) is seemingly a standout amongst the most capable and flexible evolutionary optimizers for the nonstop parameter spaces as of late. Since the advancement of DE algorithm on late years is quick and the exploration on and with DE have now achieved a great state, there is an essential need to study late parts of DE algorithm thoroughly. Considering the tremendous advance of research with DE and its applications in various areas of science and innovation, we find that it isRead MoreAdvancements in the Field of Genomics961 Words   |  4 PagesAdvancements in other fields such as human biomedicine may also be dependent on progress made in genomics, especially unresolved problems focused on changes in genes triggered or disrupted in development, susceptibility to infectious disease, mechanisms of DNA recombination and genome plasticity which cannot be adequately interpreted without a precise evolutionary context or hierarchy. One of the most well-known and supported endeavors in the advancing field of genomics is the human genome project whoseRead MorePhysiological Evolution of the Horse1095 Words   |  4 PagesHorse: Evolution The first ancestors of the modern horse bore little resemblance to the large, powerful domesticated animals of today. The very earliest ancestor of the horse would have resembled in its appearance the modern-day dog and had many omnivorous rather than herbivorous features, such as its tooth construction and density and its propensity for browsing or foraging. Hyracotherium (or eohippus) measured about 10 inches at the shoulder and had an arched back, short neck, short snout,Read MoreGenetic Variance Between And Within Species1638 Words   |  7 Pagesselection in adaptive evolution. With the publication of two independent papers this central tenet was brought into question with the new notion of selectively neutral mutations accounting for the majority of identified variance. This hypothesis termed the Neutral Theory of Evolution, at first questioned, has allowed significant advances in our understanding in the impacts of selection, genetic variance, and analysis of species history. The debate over its role in evolution is still questioned howeverRead MoreEdward Bernett Was An English Anthropologist And The Founder Of Cultural Anthropology984 Words   |  4 Pages Edward Bernett Tylor was an English anthropologist and the founder of cultural anthropology. Tylor was focused on defining the context of the scientific study of anthropology that was based on evolutionary theories inspired by Darwin and Lyell. His stance as an evolutionist fueled his belief that researching the prehistory and the history of man could be used to compare and reform modern societies. Therefore, through the use of the comparative method and historical ethnography, which included travelRead MoreThe Development Of The Pair Bond1513 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant aspects of human evolution, culture, and relationships as we understand them today. This behavior has driven human sociality, reproduction, and cultural development through evolutionary, physiological, and psychological means. By understanding and assessing the history and evolution of pair bonding, the means by which our cultural foundations were established can be discovered. To determine how the pair bond has been established, one must look at the various evolutionary pressures that lead toRead MoreEvolutionary Concepts Activity 6 Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesEvolutionary Concepts Activity 6 1. Evolutionary theory describes how populations change over time due to changes in the gene pool. There are several mechanisms that can change a gene pool and allow evolution to occur. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow and genetic drift are some of the driving forces behind evolutionary change. Natural selection and genetic drift are the mechanisms that decrease genetic variation, whereas gene flow and mutation are the driving mechanism to increase geneticRead MorePhenotypic Change1441 Words   |  6 Pagesclimate change and other human induced modifications to habitats and populations, there has been a surge in scientific studies attempting to understand contemporary evolution as a response to these anthropogenic influences. The study of contemporary evolution in response to climate change burgeoned in the 1980’s and 90’s and continued to gain momentum in the last two decades (Merila and Hendry, 2013). With the rapid increase in the volume of studies conducted linking particularly, climate change to evolutionaryRead MoreSoftware Engineering That Range From Testing984 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay discusses four questions relating to software engineering that range from testing in isolation, why the waterfall model has iteration limitations, the irrelevance of distinguishing between software development and evolution and why change is inevitable in complex systems.. Assignment 2 3 Assignment 2 State why it is a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules and why different modules making up a software product are almost never integrated simultaneously. The primary

Essay about Do We Learn Our Gender - 2201 Words

Do we learn our gender? This essay will look at the question of whether we learn our gender. It will begin by looking at the sociological meaning and interpretations of gender and how this is important. Following the discussion of how socialization plays a vital role in the argument of if we do learn our gender or not. Further to this it shall look at how gender roles have changed, comparing in particular pre-1960 to the modern day and also what key factors played crucial roles in this change. Throughout this essay the work and views of different sociologists will be relied upon in order to provide a detailed discussion in the analysis of the question. Firstly to understand the question the meaning of gender has to be depicted. The†¦show more content†¦This social observation would suggest that they are learning their gender roles in society through their culture, religion and their primary socialisation, the family. When looking at gender roles in modern day British society it must be said that the definition of what is a feminine gender role and a masculine gender role is becoming harder if not impossible to define. As Simone De Beauvoir (1949, p.293) said â€Å"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman†, this reflects the argument and suggests that a child is born genderless, it is only once they are taught the social characteristics of a woman under a cultural compulsion that they then adapt this, this suggests that it does not matter what the sex is, only what the social obligation is upon the child that determines the gender. Judith Butler (1990, p.10) argues this point in ‘Gender Trouble.’ She states that â€Å"If gender is the cultural meanings that the sexed body assumes, then a gender cannot be said to follow from a sex in any one way. Taken to its logical limit, the sex/gender distinction suggests a radical discontinuity between sexed bodies and culturally const ructed genders.† This discussion is following the argument towards Simone De Beauvoir’s work, in that the gender/sex relationship is not assigned to any particular sex, and that however stereotypically we assign the masculine gender characteristics to men and feminine to women these are not restricted to each sex. This relates to the question in termsShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis on the Article, Becoming Members of Society1162 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† the author, Aaron Devor, is trying to convince his audience that gender shapes how we behave and relate to one another. He does this by using an educational approach, describing gender stereotypes, and making cultural references. These rhetorical devices serve his larger goal of getting readers to reflect on how their childhoods formed their genders. â€Å"Maleness and femaleness seem â€Å"natural,† not the product of soc ializationRead MoreGender And Sex Are Kindred, But They re Not1418 Words   |  6 Pages Most people believe gender and sex are kindred, but they’re not. There is a difference between gender and sex. According to OpenStax, â€Å"Sex is how society classifies a person’s genetic and biological anatomy. Gender is how an individual views their identity, regardless of sex. Sex is biological in nature and determines one s biological destiny. Gender, on the other hand, helps define one s role within society†. Sex is based on genetics, whereas gender is based on the environmental surrounding.Read MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 PagesGender is considered an axis of social order. Its categorisation into masculinity and femininity is social constructed and maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or ‘female’. Most peop le develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is different from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the roleRead MoreTypes of Stereotypes in Writing1127 Words   |  5 Pagesobserved how gender affects writing in a negative way for both boys and girls inside the classrooms. Ways that many teachers can fix this issue is simply by taking into account implementing new teaching techniques, correcting gender stereotypes, and address the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). By having attended my credential school I have kept studies that I have done for my degree, and know the sources I will present to administration will help many teachers understand how gender affects writingRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 Pagesworking on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gender norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchy, and fight for women s rights and equality. Our distinct personal experiences and social location effect what issues we care most about, whether they be racial equality or the Healthcare ReformRead MoreThe Body And Reproduction Of Femininity1559 Words   |  7 PagesIn the western world, concepts of gender have historically been divided into two parts: masculinity and femininity. At birth we are labelled male or female and treated accordingly by our parents and society. Masculinity is seen as strong, confident and dominant and femininity is seen as being white, thin and young. Hegemonic femininity is seen as the model of what it means to be a female and society sets this standard that all women are meant to embody. These specific characteristics â€Å"represent†Read More gender Essays1312 Words   |   6 Pages Gender Roles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For many years society has embraced the idea that the difference between men and women were biologically determined. Thou through traditions, media, and peers we act accordingly to how others view us. Each individual has pressure placed upon them based on their gender. Our sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Some theories interpret that a women is tender and a loving mother while on the other hand men are aggressiveRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reading â€Å"The social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber she describes how gender is socially constructed. Sex is the biological difference while gender is the social and cultural meanings attached to femininity and masculinity (lecture). From the time that a child is born the doctor assigns it a gender, girl or boy, depending on its genitalia. In the reading â€Å"Naming All the Parts† it focused on how when d octors view genitalia to decide the gender they say there is a penis or there is noRead MoreGender, Social, And Cultural Aspects Of Gender Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Gender is one of the most debated sociological topics worldwide and there are a range of views on how humans are constituted as gendered beings. Our gender determines our social function and purpose in society. Gender can be described as, â€Å"psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness† (McKenna, cited in Wharton, 2005 p.6). In other words, gender is the way our biological sex is represented in society. Ann Oakley (1972), one of the first sociologists to investigateRead MoreAnalysis Of Gender Trouble By Judith Butler1710 Words   |  7 PagesButler’s book; Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity explains everything from sex versus gender to feminist identity. Not only does Butler add on her own beliefs and thoughts but also considering work of another theorist such as Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. Judith mainly focuses on Simeone de Beauvoirs novel â€Å"The Second Sex† and â€Å"Speculum of the Other Womanâ € . Judith’s Butler’s main question throughout her novel is; â€Å"Are we assigned our gender at birth or do we simply perform

Music Recording Industry Free Essays

string(93) " Combinations between any of these firms would have led to more concentration in that field\." Music Recording INTRODUCTION For centuries man had dreamed of capturing the sounds and music of his environment by means of music recordings. The road to successful music recording had not been smooth until the derivation of the music recording industry. Since the inception of the music recording industry, the way in which music is produced, distributed, sold and consumed have greatly changed so also has popular music changed over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Recording Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now These changes resulted from new technology which was invented between 1890 and 1900 and paved way for entry, which in turn has caused significant structural shocks within the industry. The Sound Recording Technology invention has not only changed the way we listen, but has also substantially reduced the cost of production, reproduction and distribution of the industry’s product to the very minimum especially within the past 5 years. Although technology seems to pose an obstacle to entry into the industry, recently, the main barrier to entry over the past years has been radio airplay because of the cost associated with informing consumers about the existence and the nature of products in the industry. Between 1900 and 1910, there was an integration of three large firms (Victor, Columbia and Edison) who controlled most audio-related products including playback devices and the audio products themselves and this served as a substantial barrier to entry. But it is possible for another technology of supply, high speed internet, might eventually offset this important barrier to new entrants into the industry. After 1910, the music recording industry became the center of controversy involving (1) alleged price fixing by the major firms in the industry and (2) massive alleged copyright infringement by consumers, in what amount to a free-for-all over economic rents. The clash between the firm and their consumers has erupted in legal open warfare, with the Federal Trade Commission and courts finding the major firms guilty of overcharging consumers by nearly half a billion dollars in a scheme that maintain artificially high prices, and the industry suing hundreds of consumers for copy right infringement according to Prof Peter J. Alexander in â€Å"Market Structure of the Domestic Music Recording Industry†. In 2003, The Business Week Online posted that, The Recording Association of America (RIAA), the trade association for the music recording industry, issued hundreds of subpoenas aimed at individual consumers whom they alleged to be copyright violators. MARKET STRUCTURE Number of Firms The market structure of the music recording industry is made of five large international and integrated firms. These firms are Vivendi Universal, Sony Corporation, Time warner, Emi Group and Bertelsmann AG. These firms exhibit number of characteristics including dating back as far as the twentieth century. Also, with the exception of Time Warner, all the firms have been sold and bought many times. Additionally, each firm except EMI is part of a larger media with particular interest in motion pictures, television, cable and book publishing, music publishing, production, manufacturing and distribution. The largest among these firms is the Vivendi Universal Music which was created in 1998 from two major French firms, Polygram and MCA. According to the Various Company Reports, represented by the table below, the Vivendi Universal Music is currently the largest music company in terms of market share and recorded music revenues. It owns the largest recorded music in the world, with over one million catalog of recorded music. Its operational activities include production, distribution and publishing of music as well as licensing of music copyrights. According to Prof Peter J. Alexander, in 2002, one out of every four compact disks sold worldwide was a Universal Music Group Product. Some of the Vivendi’s other media holdings include Universal studios (motion picture), USA Networks (television) and Houghton Mifflin (book publishing). Table 1. 1 Worldwide Conglomerate Revenues of the Major Firms, 2002 Firm Total Worldwide Revenue (In billions) | Vivendi Universal $60 Sony $57 Time Warner $41 Bertelsmann $18 EMI $0. 36 Source: Various Company Reports, 2002| Sony Corporation is a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate and its operational activities include production of Sony compact disks, distribution of recorded music and also publishing music. Sony Corporation is a leading manufacturer of audio, video, communications, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Its motion picture, television, computer entertainment, music and online businesses make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment and technology companies in the world. Other media of the Sony Corporation are the motion picture houses Columbia pictures and Tri-Star pictures. According to Andrew Herman, Sony Corporation became presence in the music record when it bought CBS in 1988. Bertelsmann is a German multi media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gutersloh Germany. It is the second largest global media conglomerate measured in terms of total revenue. Bertelsmann media holdings include books and magazine publishing, producing, manufacturing, and distribution of recorded music. It is also a major European television and radio broadcaster and content producer. Bertelsmann bought RCA in 1985, and that increased their interest in becoming a major presence in the music industry. Time warner is a US based conglomerate and it is the second largest cable provider in the USA. It produces, manufactures, publishes and distributes recorded music. Time Warner also controls the publishing rights of over one million music titles. Other media holding include Warner Brother (motion pictures), WB Network (television), HBO (television), Time Life (magazine) and Warner Books. EMI is a British conglomerate which also produces, manufactures, distributes and publishes recorded music. It is the second largest music publisher and comprises more than one hundred music label. The EMI Group also has a major publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing – also based in London with offices globally. It is the least diversified among the other firms. According to Pro J Peterson, recently, four of these giant firms have been in negotiation to merge their recording operations (Sony with Bertelsmann and EMI to acquire Time Warner recording business). In early 2004 Time Warner sold its Warner Music subsidiary to a new set of owners led by the Canadian Bronfman interests. Combinations between any of these firms would have led to more concentration in that field. You read "Music Recording Industry" in category "Essay examples" Barriers of Entry Barriers to entry in the record industry are generally regarded as low. A number of independents have entered the market successfully over the last ten years. A number of artists signed to independent labels have featured in the singles and album charts. The Top 40 singles charts gained 540 new entrants in the year ending September 1993, 84 of which were from independents. The Top 40 album charts gained 272 new entries over the same period, 42 of which were from independents according to the British report on recorded music. A small independent record company has few sunk costs since recording, manufacturing, distribution and marketing can all be contracted out to independent third parties. Many costs have come down in recent years. For example, recording equipment of reasonable quality can be purchased for a few hundred pounds, allowing initial recording to be done away from the studio. At the smallest end of the market a recording can be made in a home studio. The combination of rapidly changing consumer tastes and a pool of artistic talent in the UK provides opportunities for independents. Independents can compete against the majors in the signing of new artists in a number of ways. An independent may concentrate on a particular type of music and be better placed than a major to spot new talent and make contact with an artist. Artists may be more attracted to an independent that has a good reputation in their type of music than to a major (that is, they might be perceived as having more `street cred’). There appears to be a pool of people with experience of the record business that is willing to set up record companies, for example ex-artists, producers, artists’ managers or ex-employees of the majors. The reputation of these people may be sufficient to attract new artists. The independents often develop links with the majors. For example, if a new artist is successful but the independent cannot market the artist overseas, the independent may come to an arrangement with a major under which the artist’s recordings are licensed to the major, the artist is signed by the major, or the major takes some financial interest in the independent. Whatever the particular arrangements, there are likely to be benefits for both parties. The majors are interested in sharing in the AR successes of the independents, while for their part the independents gain funds for further AR. The risks to the artist of signing with an independent are reduced if this exit route is available. The option of outright sale to a major is also open to an independent. The major may be attracted by the existing artist roster, the back catalogue, the personnel or the name of the label. The possibility of a profitable exit from the market is an incentive for a new entrant The table below shows entrance of new firms to the music industry since 1983 Source: British 1994 report on recorded music Shares of the Market According to the BBC worldservice. om up to 90% of the global music market is accounted for by just five corporations: EMI Records, Sony, Vivendi Universal, Time Warner and BMG. Collectively, these corporations are known as ‘the Big Five’, and operate in all of the major music markets in the world. Each of the corporations maintains their headquarters in the US, the largest of the world’s markets. Of the Big Five, Vivendi Universal is the largest, with 2 9% of the market share and wholly owned record operations or licensees in 63 countries. Its nearest rival is AOL Time Warner, with 15. 9% of the market share. Each of the corporations operates in a variety of fields beyond recorded music, incorporating publishing, electronics and telecommunications, thus extending their influence to cover more markets within the global entertainment industry. In achieving their dominance in music sales, the Big Five each own a large portfolio of labels, from formerly independent labels to large regional operators in different territories. The biggest exception to their domination of the market is in India, where the large film music market has so far defied these corporations. Africa has also proved to be a difficult market for the American-owned corporations, largely because the economic situation outside South Africa means a lack of profitable markets. In South Africa, Gallo Records is one of the biggest record labels, not only because of its representation of African music, but also from being exclusive licensee for Warner Music International. The Big Five are not always in competition with each other, and it is in their best interests to act together at times. EMI is the sole licensee of BMG material in Greece. A press material in May 2002 stressed that the deal would work well for both companies, with EMI licensing some important international artists, and BMG’s Greek artists being looked after by a company with a much bigger local presence. Co-operation and partnerships, then, can yield not only greater profits, but maintain their status as corporate giants. Many well-known smaller labels are in fact owned by one of the Big Five companies. While labels are often started by entrepreneurs, the dominance of the major labels makes large scale success difficult for these firms. And should they achieve a high degree of success, they excite to the predatory instincts of the large corporations. This gives the major labels a wider ranging repertoire in different geographical markets and musical genres. –ju While small labels will continue to exist, they become increasingly unable to grow without becoming part of one of the Big Five companies. This pattern looks set to continue into the future as the larger companies continue their strategy of acquisition, and potentially merge amongst themselves in an attempt to dominate the market even further. How to cite Music Recording Industry, Essay examples

Wireless Applications-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of Wireless technology. 2.How wireless communications are made possible by a radio wave. Answers: 1.Antennas are devices that are used in wireless communication to propagate RF signals over the radio spectrum. These devices are classified based on their operational methods which yield the following categories: Directional antennas as the name suggests, they transfer radio waves in specific directions i.e. only one direction e.g. Yagi antenna. Semi directional transfer signals in multiple directions having restrictions in others. Omnidirectional antennas transfer radio signals in all directions e.g. cellular antenna (Reckeweg, 2011). Horn antenna a directional antenna that is associated with high gains and directivity (propagation in one direction). It used in conjunction with ultra-high frequencies (microwaves) 300MHz 3 GHz (Radio-electronics, 2017). Strengths High gains and directivity. Simple to design Weaknesses Gain is limited to the device structure Yagi antenna one of the most popular antenna (directional) that is commonly used in the propagation of television signals, a common household item. Its properties facilitate its long distance applications (Rouse, 2017). Strengths Relatively high gains and directivity. A simple structure made of metallic rods. Weaknesses Gains are always limited Its size determines the gain. Cellular antenna used in mobile devices, a cellular antenna is a good example of Omni-directional antennas as it propagates RF signals in all directions. Its usually small in size, an attribute that facilities its applications (Carr, 2012). Strengths Optimal gains Convenient size Weaknesses Limited gains Future of antenna applications High gains and directivity are needed when propagating RF signals in long distances, which necessitates the antennas that exhibit these properties. In this case, directional antennas are defiantly the choice as they currently exhibit both of these attributes. Moreover, with the advances in technology, these attributes can be furnished to enhance their operations. Omnidirectional antennas, on the other hand, are only desirable in short distance applications and in systems that require small devices (Carr, 2012).. 2.Multiple access techniques (multiplexing techniques) are protocols used to transfer multiple signals in single channels. In essence, a single communication medium such as the radio spectrum (wireless communication) will carry a single RF signal between two corresponding parties, an undesirable outcome as the medium is wasted. Instead, the multiplexing techniques use the same channel to carry many signals between many communicating parties. This outcome optimises the resources available more so, bandwidth which in wireless communication is limited. However, the techniques must provide optimal operational conditions where communication is both done efficiently and without recurring instances of interference (corps, 2000). Types of multiplexing Classification is done based on the operational methods, this is determined by the principle used to facilitate the sharing of the communication medium. Code division multiple access (CDMA) in this technique, communication will start with a unique set of codes. These codes are assigned to the propagated signals and are used as identification factors. Moreover, the users involved will possess the same codes which will facilitate their communication based on matching identifiers. Now, during communication (propagation of signals), all signals are ferried under the same medium without the allocation of space. Therefore, the entire bandwidth is available for signals during transmission, unlike other techniques (TECH, 2011). CDMA properties: Pseudo-codes ( a unique set of codes) are used as the multiplexing factor. Signals use the entire bandwidth without any form of allocation of space. Users having matching codes can communicate with each other. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) frequency bands are used to allocate space within the communication medium. In wireless communication, the radio spectrum is the medium and is split into different sub-band frequencies, with each band carrying a unique signal. During communication, the users will possess their band which are minor channels (subsections) of the entire communication channel. Therefore, FDMA will allocate space based on the needs of the users (Zahra, 2015). FDMA properties Frequency bands are the multiplexing factor. Allocation of space is done. Users possess minor communication channels. Comparison of the two techniques CDMA FDMA Defined by pseudo codes which uniquely identify signals across the communication medium. Frequency bands define the technique, assigning space across the communication channel. All signals will use the entire bandwidth as the technique does not assign space to the parties involved. The bandwidth is divided according to the signals involved. This means each signal/user is allocated space with the medium. The channel never experiences idle time as every instance is associated with a transfer of a signal. Due to the allocation of space, some bands will remain idle when their respective users are not communicating. Commonly used with both video and data signals as it provides maximum bit transfer. Used to transfer audio signals, a common application with radio transmissions. No filters. Filters are used enhance the efficiency of communication as they eliminate interferences(Zahra, 2015). References Carr, J. (2012). Directional or Omnidirectional antenna? . Joe Carr's Radio Tech-notes, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://www.dxing.com/tnotes/tnote01.pdf. Carr, J. (2012). Directional or Omnidirectional antenna? Joe Carr's Radio Tech-notes, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://www.dxing.com/tnotes/tnote01.pdf. corps, W. (2000). FDMA vs. TDMA vs. CDMA. Connecting Wireless, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://wirelessapplications.com/pdf/lf/FD_TD_CDMA.pdf. Radio-electronics. (2017). Microwave Horn Antenna. Antennas and propagation, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/horn_antenna/horn_antenna.php. Reckeweg, M. (2011). Antenna basic. Rhode Schwarz, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://home.zhaw.ch/kunr/NTM1/literatur/Rhode_Schwarz_Antenna_Basics.pdf. Rouse, M. (2017). Horn antenna. Research gate, Retrieved 17 August, 2017, from: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/horn-antenna. TECH, M. C. (2011). Multiple access techniques for wireless communications. wireless mobile communication , Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/HILDA519/multiple-access-techniques-for-wireless-communications. Zahra. (2015). FDMA-TDMA-CDMA. Multiple access techniques in wireless communication, Retrieved 16 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/SammarKhan2/fdmatdmacdma.